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Secondary Punishers, also known as Conditioned Punishers and Learned Punishers
Secondary punishers take on their punishing properties by being paired with primary punishers through the process of classical conditioning. For example, for your dog, hearing the word no spoken aloud can become an aversive, punishing experience, after the word has many times been paired with a primary punisher, like a smack on the nose or a spritz of water in the face.